Evolution of Hearing

Evolution has resulted in many varieties of mammalian hearing. Key components of mammalian hearing are the bones of the middle ear (the malleus, incus, and stapes), which transmit sound through the inner ear to the brain. The brain sometimes mistakes what we hear or overrides it with what we see, causing auditory illusions like the McGurk effect.

The following document was created by Harry McGurk and John MacDonald and is publicly available through Creative Commons.

"Hearing Lips and Seeing Voices" by Harry McGurk and John MacDonald

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In 1976 Harry McGurk and I published a paper in Nature, entitled ‘Hearing Lips and Seeing Voices’. The paper described a new audio–visual illusion we had discovered that showed the perception of auditorily presented speech could be influenced by the simultaneous presentation of incongruent visual speech. This hitherto unknown effect has since had a profound impact on audiovisual speech perception research. The phenomenon has come to be known as the ‘McGurk effect’, and the original paper has been cited in excess of 4800 times. In this paper I describe the background to the discovery of the effect, the rationale for the generation of the initial stimuli, the construction of the exemplars used and the serendipitous nature of the finding. The paper will also cover the reaction (and non- reaction) to the Nature publication, the growth of research on, and utilizing the ‘McGurk effect’ and end with some reflections on the significance of the finding.

Comparative Auditory Neuroscience: Understanding the Evolution and Function of Ears

This diagram was originally published as part of an article by Geoffrey A. Manley, available through the NIH's PubMed database.
Access the full article.